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Wahhabism Ayatullah Ja'far Subhani Chapter 13 All of us are well acquainted with the term shafa’a. When the discussion of crime, sin and guilt of a person is brought up and someone else intercedes and mediates for him in order to save him from death and execution or imprisonment and detention, we say so and so has done shafa'a for him. The word of shafa'a has
been taken from the root word
The shafa'a of the beloved ones of Allah for the sinners is apparently this that because of their proximity and position which they have before Allah, (of course by the will of Allah and under special norms which have general and not personal aspects) they can mediate for the criminals and the sinners and through (invocation), and pleadings ask God to forgive their crimes and sins. Of course, shafa'a and its acceptance depends on a series of conditions of which some are related to the sinful person and some to the circumstances of shafa'a of sins.
Shafa'a in other words is the help of the beloved ones of Allah (by His will) to the one who in spite of being sinful, has not disconnected his spiritual relation with Allah and the beloved ones of Allah. Moreover, this standard should always be safeguarded. According to one of the meanings, shafa'a is: One inferior person who has the aptitude for leaping forward and progressing seeks help from a superior person in the form of one lawful order. However the person seeking help should not, from the viewpoint of spiritual perfections, fall to such extent that he loses the power of advancing and the possibility of changing into a pious man. Right from the time of the Holy Prophet (s) till the later periods it had been the practise of the Muslims to seek shafa'a from the true intercessors. They were always asking in their lifetime or in their death and such shafa'a had never been objected by any of the Islamic scholars on any ground or Islamic principles. It was only in the 7th century A.H. that Ibn Taymiyya with his special way of thinking, opposed this and many other lasting customs and traditions that were in vogue among the Muslims. Three centuries after him, Muhammad bin ’Abd al-Wahhab once again raised the flag of opposition and enlivened Ibn Taymiyya's school of thought with much more vigour. One of the point of differences of the Wahhabis with the other Islamic sects is that although they have accepted shafa'a as an Islamic principle (like the other muslims) and say that on the Day of qiyama the intercessors will intercede for the sinners and in this matter the Holy Prophet (s) will play a greater role, yet they say that no one has the right to seek shafa'a from them in this world. In this matter they have gone to such an extreme that narrating the text of their sayings will be the source of spiritual discomfort. In short, they say: The Holy Prophet (s), the other Prophets, the angels and the beloved ones of Allah have the right of doing shafa'a on the Day of Judgement but one should ask for shafa'a from the Master of shafa'a and the One who gives permission for that i.e. Allah and say:
“O God, make the Holy Prophet (s) and your virtuous servants and the Angels as our intercessors on the Day of Judgement.” However we are not having the right to say, “O Prophet of Allah” or “O wali of Allah we ask you to seek shafa'a for us. This is because shafa'a is something which no one is capable of doing except Allah. Asking such a thing from the Holy Prophet (s) who is living in barzakh will be a kind of polytheism (shirk)."[1] The Wahhabis have, with a series of notions, forbidden the seeking of shafa'a from the true intercessors and have labelled the one who does so as a polytheist and his action as polytheism. Before looking into their reasoning, we shall discuss the matter from the viewpoint of Qur’an, sunnah and the practise of the Muslims in this regard. After that, we will examine their reasoning. Our reasoning on the logical firmness of seeking Shafa'a Our reasoning for the permissibility of seeking intercession (shafa'a) is a combination of two matters which by proving them, the matter of intercession will become clear. These two matters are: (1) Asking for shafa'a is the same as asking for du'a. (2) Requesting for du'a from some worthy person is a recommended (mustahab) order. 1. Asking for Shafa'a is the same as asking for Du'a: The intercession of the Holy Prophet (s) and other true intercessors is nothing but du'a and eulogy before Allah owing to the proximity and the position which they have before Allah. It is due to their du'a that Allah bestows His mercy and Grace upon the sinners and forgives them. Asking for du'a from one believer (what if it is asked from the Holy Prophet) is an approved affair and none amongst the Islamic scholars whether Wahhabis or Non-Wahhabis have doubt in its authenticity. Of course it cannot be said that the reality of shafa'a in all the stations of mahshar is this very du'a before Allah. But one can say that one of its clear meanings is du'a and the one who says:
“O the one who has a position before Allah intercede for us from Allah.” denotes the same meaning. Nizamuddin al-Naysaburi while interpreting the verse
“And whoever joins himself (to another) in an evil cause shall have the responsibility of it.” (Nisa: 85) narrates from Muqatil as such:
“The reality of shafa'a is performing du'a for the Muslims.” It is also narrated from the Holy Prophet (s) that anyone who performs du'a for his Muslim brother will be accepted and an angel will cry out: “The same shall be for you too.” Ibn Taymiyya is one of those who believes that the request for du'a from a living person is correct. Therefore asking for shafa'a is not confined to the Holy Prophet (s) but one can make such a request from any believer who possesses value and esteem before Allah. Al-Fakhruddin al-Razi is one of those who have interpreted shafa'a as du'a and eulogy before Allah. In interpreting the verse:
“And ask protection for those who believe: Our Lord! Thou embracest all things in mercy.” (Ghafir: 7) He says: “This verse shows that the shafa'a performed by the carriers of ‘arsh (Throne) is only in connection with the sinners.[2] Similarly, the shafa'a of the Holy Prophet (s) and other Prophets with regards to the same group (i.e. the sinners) is the same because Allah commands as such:
“And, ask protection for your fault and for the believing men and the believing women.” (Muhammad: 19) [3] And Nuh ('a) sought forgiveness for himself, his parents, those who had faith in him and all the believers who are to come till qiyama and in this way he has fulfilled his mission of shafa'a. [4] This description from al-Fakhr al-Razi bears witness that he has presented shafa'a to be the same as du'a of the intercessor for the sinner and has reckoned the request for shafa'a to be the same as request for du'a. In the Islamic traditions (hadithes), there are clear indications that the ‘Dua’ of one Muslim for another Muslims is ‘Shafa'at’. Ibn 'Abbas narrates from the Holy Prophet (s) as such:
“If one Muslim dies and forty men who are not polytheist, recite salat over his dead body, then Allah will accept their shafa'a which was done in his favour.” [5] In this tradition, the person reciting the du'a is introduced as an intercessor. Now, if someone in his life-time requests forty of his loyal friends to be present after his death and perform salat and du'a upon his dead body he has in reality sought shafa'a from them and has prepared the premises of shafa'a of the servants of Allah. In Sahih al-Bukhari there is a chapter entitled as:
“When the people would ask their Imam to intercede (do shafa'a) and plead before Allah to descend rain, he (i.e. the Imam) would not reject their demands.” Also, there is a chapter entitled as:
“Occasions when the polytheists demanded shafa'a from Muslims at times of famine” [6] Narration of these two chapters is evidence that request for shafa'a is the same as request for du'a and it should not be interpreted in another way. Till here, one pillar of reasoning has been clarified and that is, the reality of seeking shafa'a is nothing but requesting du'a. Now we should engage ourselves in describing the second pillar of reasoning and that is asking from one brother-in-faith (what if it is asking the awliya Allah) is a desirable and recommended action. 2. Qur’an and Request for du'a from Worthy People The verses of Qur’an bear witness that when the Prophet's seek forgiveness for the people it is very effective and beneficial such as the following verses:
“And ask protection for your fault and for the believers.” (Muhammad: 19)
“And pray for them, surely your prayer is a relief to them." (Tauba: 103) If the du'a of Prophet has such benefit for man then what is the harm if one requests him to pray as such for him? On the other hand, request for du'a is nothing but request for shafa'a.
“And had they, when they were unjust to themselves, come to you and asked forgiveness of Allah and the Apostle had (also) asked forgiveness for them, they would have found Allah Oft-returning (to mercy), Merciful.” (Nisa: 64) By
“They said: O our father! ask forgiveness of our faults for us, surely we were sinners. He said: I will ask for you forgiveness from my Lord.” (Yusuf: 97) All these verses show that requesting the Prophet (s) and other virtuous ones to perform du'a which is the same as requesting shafa'a, is not having the least objection from the viewpoint of Islamic standards. For the sake of brevity, we have not narrated the traditions regarding request of du'a from the virtuous ones. Islamic Traditions (hadithes) and the Path of Companions The famous traditionist, al-Tirmidhi and the writer of one of the Sihah of the Ahl al-Sunnah narrates from Anas as such:
(Anas says): “I requested the Holy Prophet (s) to ask shafa'a for me on the day of Judgement and he accepted and said, “I shall request your shafa'a. I asked: “Where should I find you? The Prophet said: "Find me near Sirat (bridge over Hell)." [7] With his mild diposition, Anas requests for shafa'a from the Holy Prophet (s) and he too accepts it and gives him glad tidings. Sawad bin Qarib was one of the Companions of the Holy Prophet (s). In the contents of one of his poems, he seeks intercession from the Prophet (s) and says:
"O' the honourable Prophet! you be my intercessor on the Day of Judgment, the day when the shafa'a of no one will be useful and beneficial to Sawad bin Qarib." [8] Before the Holy Prophet's (s) birth, a person by the name of Tubba' from the tribe of al-Himyar had heard that soon a Prophet was going to be appointed by God in the Arab territory. Before dying, he wrote one letter and requested his near ones that if the day came when such a prophet was sent, then they should hand over his letter to him. In this letter, he had written as such:
“Though my age was not loyal and I died before seeing you, ask my shafa'a on the Day of qiyama and do not forget me.” When the letter was handed to the Holy Prophet (s) he said thrice:
“Congratulations to Tubba', my pious brother”. [9] If request for shafa'a was polytheism then Holy Prophet (s) would never have addressed him as his brother and would not have thrice congratulated him. Seeking Shafa'a from the Dead Last section of traditions indicated that seeking shafa'a from the true intercessors in their lifetime is absolutely correct. Now, we shall mention two traditions that show that the companions of the Holy Prophet (s) used to seek shafa'a from him even after his demise. (1) Ibn 'Abbas says: When Amir al-mu'minin ('a) finished giving ghusl (ablution) and kafan (shroud) to the Holy Prophet (s), he uncovered the face (of the Prophet) and said:
“May my mother and father be sacrificed; you are chaste and pure in life and in death. Remember us near your Lord."[10] (2) When the Holy Prophet (s) passed away, Abu Bakr uncovered his face and kissed him and said: “May my father and mother be sacrificed; you are chaste and pure in life and death. Remember and think of us near your Lord.” [11] The aforesaid traditions show that seeking shafa'a of the intercessor makes no difference whether the intercessor is alive or dead. Thus, by paying attention to these verses, traditions and the continuing custom of the Muslims in all the ages, the matter of seeking shafa'a becomes self-evident and one should never be in slightest doubt with regards to its integrity. Moreover, the companions of the Holy Prophet (s) were requesting the Holy Prophet (s) to pray for them even after his demise and if request for du'a (prayers) after his demise is correct, then request for shafa'a too which is one kind of request for du'a is proper and correct. [12]
Footnotes: [1] al-Hadiyyat al-saniyya, 2nd treatise, page 42. [2] Since the end of the
verse says.
[3] Surah Muhammad, Ayah 19, as a decisive evidence bears witness to the inerrancy of the Holy Prophet (s) and other Prophets, naturally the word sin means something else for them. We have written the description of this section in Vol. 5 of the exegesis of Manshur Javid which is the first topicwise exegesis in Persian. [4] Sura Nuh: verse 28. [5] Sahih Muslim, Vol .3 page 54. [6] Sahih al-Bukhari, vol.l. [7] Sunan al-Tirmidhi,
Vol. 4 Page 42. Chapter of:
[8] Qamus al-Rijal, under the matter Sawad. [9] Manaqib Ibn Shahr Ashub, vol.1 page 12; Bihar al-Anwar, vol.15 page 314. [10] Nahj al-Balagha, Sermon no.230. [11] Kashf al-'Irtiyab, page 265 narrated from Khulasat al-kalam. [12] For more details refer to the book shafa'a in the realm of reason, Qur’an and Traditions written by (this) author. In this book, you will find 100 traditions (45 traditions from Ahl al-Sunnah and 55 traditions from Shi'a books). |
which means ‘even’ as against
which means
‘odd’. The reason that the mediation of a person for saving a sinner is known
as shafa'a is that the status and position of the one doing shafa'a and
his effective powers get attached (and become even) with the factors of
salvation which is present in the person receiving the shafa'a (even
though it may be a little). Both these, with the help of one another become the
cause of release of the sinful person. 
(they come to
you) it means that they would come and ask the Prophet (s) to pray and seek
forgiveness. If it means something else then their coming will be useless and
in vain. Moreover, the honour of meeting the Prophet (s) and asking him to pray
is itself a witness of the spiritual transformation which prepares the ground
for acceptance of prayers. The Holy Qur’an narrates from the sons of Ya'qub
('a) that they requested their father to seek forgiveness for them and Ya'qub
('a) too accepted their request and acted upon his promise.
and protect them from the
torment of Hell