Chapter 6
Can a Five
Year Old Boy Become an Imam?
The session began on time. Everyone was anxiously
waiting to begin the discussion. Dr. Fahimi formulated his question
thus.
Dr. Fahimi:
Let us assume that Imam Hasan 'Askari did have a son. But how
can one believe that a five year old lad is appointed to the position
of wilayat and Imamate? How is it possible that he is given
the charge of protecting and effecting the laws of God at that
young age and is made the Imam, the leader of the people and God's
Proof on earth?
Mr. Hoshyar:
It appears that you have imagined the position of the Prophethood
and the Imamate to be a trivial thing not requiring any precondition
or criterion for anyone who is supposed to protect and effect
the divine laws! Moreover, it would seem that you do not require
any qualifications or personal character and perfection in a person
who is to assume such a divinely ordained position --even to the
extent that it is possible that Abu Sufyan could take the position
of the prophethood occupied by Muhammad b. 'Abd Allah and Talha
and Zubayr could assume the Imamate instead of 'Ali b. Abi Talib.
However, a little attention will lead you to
the traditions reported on the authority of the ahl al-bayt
that the matter of the leadership and guidance of the community
is not that simple. Indeed, Prophethood is a divine office that
requires a qualified individual to be designated to carry out
its functions derived from a special spiritual relationship between
God and His emissary, a prophet. More importantly, such an individual
is endowed with hidden knowledge, and knowledge about God's laws
and injunctions which have been revealed to him through God's
special favor on him and, hence, both he and the message are free
from any error or falsehood.
Similarly, wilayat and Imamate are extremely
important offices. The person occupying that position is required
to preserve the divine laws and teachings of the Prophet without
committing any error or inadvertence in their transmission and
their promulgation in the community. Moreover, that person has
to be in contact with the hidden source of divine knowledge so
that he may receive God's guidance in understanding and illuminating
His revelation for humanity. It is because of his knowledge and
the actions based on divine guidance that he attains the position
of being proclaimed God's Proof (hujjat) and His manifestation
on earth.
It is obvious that not every person on this
earth is capable of fulfilling these requirements and effecting
the laws of God in human society. It is necessary that the person
assuming this sensitive position should be endowed with a spiritual
and human perfection so as to establish proper contact with the
divine source and receive the knowledge and retain it for the
community. Moreover, this person must possess both physical and
mental qualities most appropriate to the execution of his functions
as the leader and guide of the Muslim community. He cannot afford
to be fallible and erroneous in conveying the religious truth
necessary for the well being of humanity.
Hence, it must be maintained that the Prophet
and the Imams are the best in creation. More importantly, it is
because of these personal qualities that God, the Almighty, appoints
them in the position of a Prophet and an Imam. These qualities
are present in them from the time they come into this world. At
the appropriate time and as the situation demands, and provided
there are no obstacles, they become manifest. It is only then
that these individuals become selected and appointed as Prophets
and Imams with the mission to carry and effect God's ordinances
for humanity. This manifest designation may occur at times after
they attain the age of maturity, and at other times even while
they are younger in age.
The Qur'an provides the best example of the
appointment to the prophethood at a very young age. In the example
of Jesus (peace be upon him), the Qur'an speaks about the miracle
of Jesus while he was still a baby in the cradle. At that time
Jesus introduced himself as a prophet who had brought the revealed
message for the Children of Israel. Thus, he says:
Lo, I am God's servant; God has given me the
Book, and made me a Prophet. Blessed He has made me, wherever
I may be; and He has enjoined me to pray, and to give the alms,
so long as I live. (Sura Maryam, 29)
From this and other verses of the Qur'an it
is clear that Jesus (peace be upon him) from his very early childhood
had been appointed as the Prophet and had been given the Book.
In light of the above, it is correct to say
that there is no objection to maintaining that a person could
establish relations with the divine sources of knowledge at a
very early age and could be appointed to undertake the critical
responsibility of promulgating the divine laws with utmost care
and accuracy. Moreover, he could be made completely capable of
performing his task and safeguarding the divine trust.
Incidentally, Imam Jawad (peace be upon him),
at the time of his father's death was nine or seven years old.
It was because of his young age that some among the Shi'is had
doubts about his being the Imam. To resolve this problem some
of the leading members of the community came to see Imam Jawad
and asked him several difficult and complex questions. To all
these the Imam was able to give sufficient and satisfactory answers.
Moreover, they also witnessed some miracles from him which removed
their doubt in his being their Imam at that young age.[1]
Imam Rida had appointed Imam Jawad as his successor
and when he found people surprised at his designation he said:
"Jesus (peace be upon him) also became a Prophet and a Proof
of God at a young age."[2]
Imam 'Ali Naqi also became the Imam at the
age of six years and five months, following his father's death.[3]
So, Dr. Fahimi, the Prophets and the Imams
are specially created to carry out the functions assigned to them
by God. Hence, it is not proper to compare them with ordinary
people and their capacities.
The Gifted
Children
Often among ordinary people one comes across
rare individuals endowed with excellent intelligence and immense
potential. In fact, they manifest unusual mental powers and faculties
of perception superior to an individual of, let us say, forty
years of age.
Abu 'Ali Sina, known as Avicenna to Western
readers, is regarded among the geniuses of his times. In his autobiography
he writes:
Later we all moved to Bukhara, where I was
given teachers of Qur'an and Arabic letters (adab). By
the time I was ten years old, I had completed the study of the
Qur'an and a major part of Arabic letters, so much so that people
wondered at my attainments. . . . Then, under the guidance of
al-Natili, I began to read the Isagoge [of the Greek neoplatonist
philosopher Porphyrius] . . .Almagest [of Ptolemy]. . .
. Then I took up medicine and began to read books written on this
subject. Medicine is not one of the difficult sciences, and in
a very short time I undoubtedly excelled in it, so that physicians
of merit studied under me. . . . At the same time I carried on
debates and controversies in jurisprudence. At this point I was
sixteen years old.[4]
It is said that Fadil Hindi had mastered all
rational and traditional sciences by the age of twelve, and had
begun to write a book. The list of the gifted people is long.
One only has to open a history of the world to realize that a
number of universally recognized individuals were endowed at a
young age with uncommon intelligence and a capacity to learn and
leave for posterity a wealth of knowledge in different disciplines.
Dr. Fahimi, if other children can be endowed
with unique potentials and turn out to be a genius, capable of
memorizing hundreds of things and a variety of subjects -- provoking
wonderment in others -- why should it be inconceivable that God
in His wisdom appointed the twelfth Imam, God's authentic proof
who happens to be a five year old, to occupy the position of wilayat
and to be the exponent and protector of God's ordinances? In fact,
the Imams had predicted his attaining that high position at an
incredibly young age. Imam Baqir said: "The one who will
be entrusted with the command (sahib al-'amr) will be youngest
in age and less known than all of us."[5]
Rising
of the People when Naming the Qa'im
Dr. Jalali:
I am sure you know that it is customary among the people to rise
when the word qa'im is mentioned. Is there any tradition
to support this custom?
Mr. Hoshyar:
This custom is common among all the Shi'is around the world. It
is related that Imam Rida was present in one of the gatherings
in Khurasan when the word qa'im was mentioned. At that
he rose, put his right hand on his head and said: "O God,
make his deliverance soon and his rising graceful!"[6]
This custom was prevalent even during the time
of Imam Sadiq (peace be upon him). Somebody had asked him: "Why
is it that one should rise (qiyam) when the Qa'im is mentioned?"
The Imam replied:
The one who is entrusted with the command (sahib
al-'amr) will have a very long occultation. Because of the
utmost love that he has for his followers, whoever remembers him
with his title Qa'im, which carries the meaning of awaiting his
rule and conveys the impact of the longing for him, he too will
show his concern for the faithful. Since the person remembering
the Qa'im is also attended by him, it is appropriate to rise out
of respect for him and pray to God for his early deliverance.[7]
Hence, the Shi'i custom has a religious root
and reflects respect and conveys an aspiration, although whether
such an act is obligatory or not is unknown.
When Did
the Story about the Occultation Begin?
Dr. Fahimi:
I have heard that since Imam Hasan 'Askari died without leaving
a son, some opportunistic people like 'Uthman b. Sa'id, fabricated
the story about the occultation of the Mahdi in order to preserve
their own position in the community.
Mr. Hoshyar:
The Prophet and the Imams had long before that informed the people
about the impending occultation of the Mahdi. Thus, for instance,
the Prophet is reported to have said:
I swear by the One Who prompted me to give
you the good news that the Qa'im among my descendants, in accordance
with the covenant that reaches him from me, will disappear. [The
situation will be such] that most of the people will say: "God
does not need the progeny of Muhammad." Others will doubt
his very birth. Whoever lives during [this period of occultation]
should cling to his faith and not let the Satan approach him through
the channel of doubt and cause him to abandon my religion, just
as he had caused your parents [Adam and Eve], to be thrown out
of Paradise. Undoubtedly, God has made Satan friend of those who
do not believe.[8]
Asbagh b. Nubata relates the occasion when
Amir al-Mu'minin 'Ali b. Abi Talib remembered the Qa'im and said:
"Be aware that he will disappear in such a way that an ignorant
person will say: 'God does not need the progeny of Muhammad.'"[9]
Imam Sadiq advised his followers saying: "If
you hear the story about your Imam's occultation, do not deny
it."[10] There are some 88 hadith-reports
on this subject.
It was because of these traditions that Muslims
regarded the occultation necessary for the Qa'im. It was considered
to be one of his characteristics. In fact, anyone who claimed
to be the promised Mahdi or was fancied to be so was necessarily
believed by his supporters to be in occultation. Abu al-Faraj
Isfahani, in his description of one of such claimants, writes:
"'Isa b. 'Abd Allah reports that Muhammad b. 'Abd Allah b.
Hasan [b. 'Ali b. Abi Talib] lived in concealment from the very
early childhood and was named Mahdi."[11]
Sayyid Muhammad Himyari, the well known poet
during the Umayyad period, relates that he used to hold exaggerated
beliefs about Muhammad b. Hanafiyya, including the belief that
he was in occultation. For a long time he held such erroneous
beliefs until that time, as he says, God favored him and he was
saved from them by Imam Sadiq's right guidance. The event is described
thus by him:
When I was fully convinced about the Imamate
of Ja'far b. Muhammad [Sadiq] through well demonstrated proof,
I went to see him one day and asked him: "O son of the Prophet,
there are traditions about the occurrence of occultation that
have reached us from your forefathers which regard occultation
among the definite things. Would you kindly inform me as to whom
these traditions speak?" The Imam replied: "This occultation
will occur for the sixth of my descendants. He is the twelfth
Imam after the Prophet, of whom the first is 'Ali b. Abi Talib
and the last is the Qa'im, Baqiyyat Allah (the Remnant of God),
and the Master of the Age. I solemnly declare that even if his
occultation lasts for as long as the age of Noah, he will not
leave this world until he rises and fills it with justice and
equity."
Sayyid Himyari adds:
When I heard this from my master Ja'far b.
Muhammad the truth became evident for me. I apologized to him
for the erroneous belief that I held before that and composed
a poem on the subject.[12]
Hence, the story of occultation of the Mahdi
was not invented by 'Uthman b. Sa'id. It was God who foreordained
it for him, and the Prophet and the Imams had informed the people
about it before his father Imam Hasan 'Askari was born. Tabarsi,
in his book on the history of the Prophet and the Imams entitled,
I'lam al-wara, writes:
The traditions about the ghaybat of
the twelfth Imam were in circulation before his, his father's,
and his grandfather's birth. They were recorded and cited by the
Shi'i traditionists who lived during the time of Imams Baqir and
Sadiq. Among these highly trusted traditionists is Hasan b. Mahbub.
He wrote a book entitled Mashikha a century before the
occultation of the twelfth Imam in which he recorded traditions
about the occultation. One of the traditions published in this
book included the following hadith reported from Abu Basir,
who relates:
I asked Imam Sadiq: "Abu Ja'far [Imam
Baqir] said, 'The Qa'im among the descendants of Muhammad will
have two occultations, one long and the other short.'" Hearing
this Imam Sadiq said, "Yes, that is so. One of the two occultations
will be longer."
Tabarsi then draws his conclusion and writes:
Do you see how with the materialization of
the two occultations for Imam Hasan 'Askari's son the prediction
in the hadith came to be true?[13]
Muhammad b. Ibrahim b. Ja'far Nu'mani was born
during the Short Occultation (ghaybat-i sughra), and when
he wrote his book on Ghayba the twelfth Imam was eighty
and some years old. He writes the following on page 6:
The Imams had foretold the occurrence of the
occultation. If the occultation had not occurred, this very point
would have become the source of falsification of the belief of
the Shi'a Imamiyya (i.e., the Twelvers). But God manifested the
truthfulness of the Imams' predictions by means of causing the
Imam to go into occultation.
The Books
on the Subject of the Occultation before the Birth of the Twelfth
Imam
The story of the Mahdi and the twelfth Imam's
occultation was told by the Prophet, 'Ali b. Abi Talib, and the
rest of the Imams from the very early days of Islam. It was well
known among the early companions to the extent that some scholars
and narrators of hadith-reports, including the close associates
of the Imams, had written books on the subject long before the
twelfth Imam or his father and grandfather were born. In these
books the hadith about the promised Mahdi and his occultation
were recorded. The names of these authors and the titles of their
works are preserved in the biographical dictionaries (kutub
al-rijal). Thus, for instance:
(1) 'Ali b. Hasan b. Muhammad Ta'i, a companion
of Imam Kazim, wrote a book on ghaybat. He was a jurist
and was regarded as reliable in his transmission of hadith.[14]
(2) 'Ali b. 'Umar A'raj Kufi, a companion of
Imam Kazim, wrote a book on ghaybat.[15]
(3) Ibrahim b. Salih Anmati, a companion of
Imam Kazim, wrote a book on ghaybat.[16]
(4) Hasan b. 'Ali b. Abi Hamza, who lived during
the time of Imam Rida, was also an author of a book on ghaybat.[17]
(5) 'Abbas b. Hisham Nashiri Asadi was a prominent
figure and a reputable person. He was among the companions of
Imam Rida. He died in the year 220 AH/835 CE. He also wrote a
book on ghaybat.[18]
(6) 'Ali b. Hasan b. Faddal was a learned man
and reliable in his transmission of religious information. He
was among the companions of Imams Hadi and Hasan 'Askari. He wrote
a book on ghaybat.[19]
(7) Fadl b. Shadhan Nishaburi was among the
jurists and theologians. He was among the companions of Imams
Hadi and Hasan 'Askari. He died in the year 260 AH/873 CE. He
wrote a book on the subject of the Qa'im of the Family of Muhammad
and his ghaybat.[20]
It is important to keep in mind that the story
about ghaybat is not something new in Islam. It has deep
religious roots and was always discussed and debated from the
time of the Prophet (peace be upon him and his progeny). Consequently,
the possibility that a person like 'Uthman b. Sa'id invented and
disseminated it is absolutely unfounded. Such an accusation cannot
come about from any one other than a prejudiced individual. Moreover,
if we append the following three propositions together, then the
matter of the occultation of the Imam of the Age becomes certain:
(a) On the basis of rational demonstration
as well as numerous hadith-reports related from the Prophet
and the Imams, it is certain that the existence of the Imam and
the Proof of God on earth is necessary for the survival of humanity.
Therefore, there is no time when the earth could be without the
Imam.
(b) On the basis of numerous hadith-reports,
there can be no more than twelve Imams.
(c) On the basis of many reports, both in the
books on hadith and history, it is a fact that eleven of
these twelve Imams have lived and died.
These three propositions make it necessary
to conclude that the existence of the Imam Mahdi is beyond any
doubt, and that since he does not live a visible existence, he
must be in occultation.
The Short
and Complete Occultation [21]
Dr. Jalali:
What is the meaning of 'short' and 'complete' occultation?
Mr. Hoshyar:
It means that the twelfth Imam (peace be upon him) remained concealed
from the public at two different times. The first period extends
from the time of his birth in 255 or 256 AH/868 or 869 CE or from
the time of his father, Imam Hasan 'Askari's death in 260 AH/873
CE, to the year 329 AH/940 CE. During this time, although he lived
an invisible existence as far as the public was concerned, he
was not completely cut off from them. Rather, he maintained regular
contact with his followers through his deputies, who were able
to reach him and present to him their needs and inquiries. The
existence of the Imam during this period that lasted some 74 or
69 years is known as ghaybat-i sughra.
The second period extends from the year 329/940,
with the termination of the deputyship of his prominent and trustworthy
associates, to the time when he will emerge from the state of
the occultation to lead humanity to establish the rule of justice
and equity on earth. This period of occultation is known as ghaybat-i
kubra.
Both the Prophet and the Imams (peace be upon
them) had informed people about the two forms of occultation for
the Mahdi. Thus, for instance, Ishaq b. 'Ammar relates a hadith
he heard from Imam Sadiq:
The Qa'im will have two forms of occultation:
one long and the other short. During the first occultation his
special followers will know his whereabouts; during the second
occultation, except for a few very special followers of his in
his religion, no one will have any information about his whereabouts.
[22]
In another tradition Imam Sadiq said:
The one who is entrusted with the command (sahib
al-'amr) will have two forms of occultation. One of them will
be so long that a group of the people will say that he has died;
others will say he has been killed; still others will say he has
disappeared. Very few will remain who will still have faith in
his existence, and will continue to be steadfast. At this time
no one will have any information about his whereabouts except
his very few followers.[23]
The Short
Occultation and the Contacts with the Shi'a
Dr. Fahimi:
I have heard that after the short occultation began, there were
some charlatans who, taking advantage of the ignorance of the
ignorant masses, claimed to be the deputies and 'gates' (bab
= 'mediator' between the Imam and his followers) of the Hidden
Imam. They cheated the people and pocketed a lot of their wealth.
Could you take some time to explain who exactly these deputies
were and what kind of contact and relationship there was between
the Imam and his followers, and in what form?
Mr. Hoshyar:
During the short occultation people in general were deprived of
a more normal contact with the Imam. However, the relationship
was not completely severed. It was maintained through some special
individuals known as bab ('mediator'), na'ib ('deputy'),
and wakil ('representative'). It was through these individuals
that the people established contact with their Imam, asking questions
of him and seeking his assistance in their affairs. The share
of the Imam from the khums (the 'fifth') was delivered
to the Imam through his deputy. Sometimes, they used to ask for
material help from the Imam; at other times they used to seek
permission to go for hajj or other kinds of travel; still
at other times they would ask the Imam to pray for their sick
or to pray for a child for them. The Imam used to respond to these
requests through different individuals who represented him among
them in different parts of the Muslim world. In the performance
of all these tasks there were specific individuals who executed
the will of the Imam. There were times when the requests were
made in letters to the Imam and, accordingly, he would respond
in writing. These 'signed notes' from him were known as tawqi'.
Were these
Letters from the Imam in His Own Handwriting?
Dr. Jalali:
Who wrote these letters? Was it the Imam himself or someone else?
Mr. Hoshyar:
It is said that the Imam himself wrote these letters or notes.
In fact, his handwriting was well known among his associates and
the contemporary scholars. They used to recognize it well. There
is some evidence to that effect in the sources. For instance,
Muhammad b. 'Uthman 'Amri says: "A signed note was issued
from the Imam and the handwriting was well known to me."[24]
Ishaq b. Ya'qub relates that he had sent a
letter asking questions to the twelfth Imam through Muhammad b.
'Uthman. He received the reply in the Imam's own handwriting.[25]
Shaykh Abu 'Amr 'Amiri relates: Ibn Abi Ghanim
Qazwini had a dispute on a matter with a group of the Shi'is.
For resolving it they wrote a letter to the Imam explaining the
matter. The response came from the Imam in his own handwriting.[26]
According to Shaykh Saduq, the letter that his father had received
from the Imam was in his possession.[27]
These aforementioned individuals have borne
the testimony that the letters they received or were in their
possession were from the Imam himself, in his own handwriting.
However, we do not know the way they determined that it was the
Imam's handwriting. The reason is that with the occultation it
was not possible to see the Imam. In addition, there were some
who reported contrary to what these aforementioned individuals
were claiming. For example, Abu Nasr Hibat Allah relates that
the signed notes were issued by 'Uthman b. Sa'id and Muhammad
b. 'Uthman, in the same handwriting that was used during the time
of Imam Hasan 'Askari.[28]
In another report the same person relates that
Abu Ja'far 'Amri died in the year 304 AH/916 CE. He had been the
deputy of the Imam for over fifty years. People used to bring
their donations to him and signed notes were issued to them in
the same hand writing as during the time of Imam Hasan 'Askari.[29]
In yet another report he says that the signed notes of the Imam
were issued by Muhammad b. 'Uthman, in the same handwriting as
they were issued during the time of his father, 'Uthman b. Sa'id.[30]
'Abd Allah b. Ja'far Himyari relates: "When
'Uthman b. Sa'id died, the signed notes of the Imam of the Age
were issued in the same handwriting in which we used to receive
earlier letters."[31]
On the basis of all these reports it can be
surmised that the notes that were received by the people during
'Uthman b. Sa'id and Muhammad b. 'Uthman's time were in the same
handwriting as those that were received during the time of Imam
Hasan 'Askari. Thus, these could not be in the handwriting of
the twelfth Imam. Rather, it can be maintained that Imam Hasan
'Askari had a special scribe who was in charge of writing the
letters and who continued to do so also under these two deputies,
namely, 'Uthman and his son Muhammad. It is also plausible to
maintain that some of these letters were dictated directly by
the Imam, whereas others were dictated by someone other than him.
However, it is important to state that from the evidence provided
in the biographies of the Shi'i scholars living during the short
occultation, the contents of these letters were trusted by the
Shi'is, were regarded as coming from the Imam himself, and were
accepted as authentic. They used to write to the Imam about their
points of dispute. And, when the response came for them, they
used to submit to his judgement.
'Ali b. Husayn b. Babawayh corresponded with
the Imam in occultation and requested him to pray for a son for
him. To be sure, he received a response from the Imam.
One of the prominent scholars who was born
during the short occultation and had been in touch with the deputies
of the Imam was Muhammad b. Ibrahim b. Ja'far Nu'mani. In his
book entitled Ghayba he confirmed the deputyship of some
prominent associates of the eleventh and twelfth Imams. After
relating some hadith on the subject of the ghaybat,
he writes:
During the first occultation there were the
mediators between the Imam and the people, carrying out [the duties
of the Imam], having been designated [by him], living among the
people. These were the eminent persons and leaders from whose
hands emanated cures derived from the knowledge and the intricate
wisdom which they possessed, and the answers to all the questions
which were put to them about the problems and difficulties [of
religion]. This was the short occultation, the days of which have
come to an end and whose time has gone by. Now it is the time
of the complete occultation.[32]
It appears that the signed notes received from
the Imam served as special signs and documentation which the Shi'is
and their scholars accepted. Shaykh Hurr 'Amili writes:
Ibn Abi Ghanim Qazwini used to argue with the
Shi'is on the matter of the successor to the Imamate. He used
to say: "Imam Hasan 'Askari had no son." The people
wrote to the Imam. Their custom was to write on a white sheet
with a pen without ink so that it would serve as a sign of miracle.
To this they received the answer from the Imam (peace be upon
him).[33]
The Number
of Deputies
There is difference of opinion regarding the
number of deputies of the twelfth Imam. Sayyid Ibn Tawus in his
book entitled Rab'i al-shi'a has mentioned their names
as follows:
(1) Abu Hashim Dawud b. al-Qasim
(2) Muhammad b. 'Ali b. Bilal
(3) 'Uthman b. Sa'id
(4) Muhammad b. 'Uthman
(5) 'Umar al-Ahwazi
(6) Ahmad b. Ishaq
(7) Abu Muhammad al-Wajna'
(8) Ibrahim b. Mahziyar
(9) Muhammad b. Ibrahim [34]
Shaykh Tusi introduces the names of the deputies
of the Imam as follows:
From Baghdad 'Uthman b. Sa'id and his son Muhammad
b. 'Uthman, Hajiz, Bilali, and 'Attar; from Kufa 'Asimi; from
Ahwaz Muhammad b. Ibrahim b. Mahziyar; from Qumm Ahmad b. Ishaq;
from Hamadan Muhammad b. Salih; from Rayy Shami and Asadi; from
Azerbaijan Qasim b. 'Ala'; and from Nishabur Muhammad b. Shadhan.
[35]
However, the deputyship of the four prominent
members of the community is famous among the Shi'is. These are:
(1) 'Uthman b. Sa'id 'Amri (260 AH/874 CE)
(2) Muhammad b. 'Uthman 'Amri (d. 304 AH/916
CE)
(3) Husayn b. Ruh Nawbakhti (d. 326 AH/937
CE)
(4) 'Ali b. Muhammad al-Samarri (d. 329/940
CE)
'Uthman
b. Sa'id, the First Deputy
He was among the most trustworthy and eminent
companions of Imam Hasan 'Askari and was his representative among
the Shi'a. According to Bu 'Ali and Mamqani, "'Uthman b.
Sa'id was thoroughly reliable and highly respected because of
his impeccable character. He served as the agent of the Imam Hadi,
Imam Hasan 'Askari, and Imam Qa'im (peace be upon them)."[36]
Such an opinion of him was universally held by all other authors
of biographical dictionaries. Thus, 'Allama Bihbahani, in addition
to praising 'Uthman, says that he was actually accredited by the
Imams Hadi and Hasan 'Askari.[37]
Ahmad b. Ishaq relates the incident in which
he asked the tenth Imam Hadi regarding the person with whom the
Shi'a should deal and whose guidance they should accept as coming
from the Imams. The Imam said: "'Uthman b. Sa'id is my trusted
agent. If he relates something for you then he is telling the
truth. Listen to him and obey him because I trust him." When
Imam Hasan 'Askari was asked a similar question he mentioned both
'Uthman and his son Muhammad as his trusted agents. Moreover,
he also required his followers to listen to and obey Uthman. These
reports were so widespread among the companions of the last Imams
that they became the source of the respect and trust with which
'Uthman b. Sa'id was held.[38]
On one occasion Muhammad b. Isma'il and 'Ali
b. 'Abd Allah came to Samarra to visit Imam Hasan 'Askari. There
was a group of Shi'a visiting the Imam at that time. Suddenly,
the servant came and announced that a group of villagers, shabbily
dressed, were seeking permission to enter the presence of the
Imam. The Imam said: "They are Shi'a from the Yemen."
Then he told the servant to ask 'Uthman to be prepared for the
visitors. Within a short while 'Uthman was ready. The Imam said
to him: "'Uthman, you are our trusted agent. Receive the
goods this group has brought." This elevation of 'Uthman,
according to the narrators of the report, was done in order to
let the Shi'a know the status of 'Uthman. In fact, towards the
end of that visit Imam Hasan 'Askari declared to the group saying:
"Let it be known to you that 'Uthman b. Sa'id is my agent
and his son will be the agent of my son Mahdi."[39]
Imam Hasan 'Askari revealed his son to the
group of forty people among his followers, including 'Ali b. Bilal,
Ahmad b. Hilal, Muhammad b. Mu'awiya, and Hasan b. Ayyub and said:
"This is your Imam and my successor. Obey him! Know that
after this time for a while you will not see him. Listen to what
'Uthman b. Sa'id says and follow his instructions because he [Uthman]
is the successor of your Imam. The management of the affairs of
our people will be in his hands."[40]
His Miraculous Acts
In addition to these favorable statements from
the Imams accrediting 'Uthman b. Sa'id, there are miraculous acts
(karamat) ascribed to him. These acts actually provide
further evidence to bolster the truthfulness of his statements.
For instance, Shaykh Tusi in his Kitab al-Ghayba, relates
the following story from a number of persons belonging to Nawbakht
family, including Abu al-Hasan Kathiri:
A person brought some goods [belonging to the
twelfth Imam] from Qumm and the vicinity to 'Uthman b. Sa'id.
When the person wanted to leave 'Uthman b. Sa'id said: "You
have been entrusted with something else too. Why have you not
delivered it?" The person said: "There is nothing else
left." 'Uthman b. Sa'id told him to go back and search for
it. After a few days of searching the person returned to report
that he had not found anything on him. At that 'Uthman b. Sa'id
asked him: "What happened to the two pieces of cloth that
were handed to you by so and so?" The person said: "By
God, you are right. But I have forgotten about them, and now I
do not know where they are."
Once more he returned to his place and searched
for the material, but could not find it. He came and told 'Uthman
b. Sa'id about that. 'Uthman said: "Go to so and so, the
cotton seller, to whom you delivered two bundles of cotton. Open
the bundle on which such and such is written. You will find that
entrusted material in it." The man went and did what 'Uthman
b. Sa'id had asked him to do. He found the material and brought
it to him. [41]
Muhammad b. 'Ali Aswad, another agent of the
Imam, was given a piece of cloth by a woman for 'Uthman b. Sa'id.
He took it with some other clothes to 'Uthman. 'Uthman asked him
to hand it to Muhmmad b. 'Abbas Qummi. He did so. After that 'Uthman
b. Sa'id sent him a message which said: "Why have you not
delivered the cloth given by the woman?" Muhammad b. 'Ali
Aswad remembered the cloth and searched for it until he delivered
it to him.[42]
Shaykh Saduq has narrated another incident
in his Kamal al-din. He writes:
A man from Iraq brought the Imam's share (sahm
imam) to 'Uthman b. Sa'id. 'Uthman returned the money and
said: "Deduct from it that which you owe to your cousins."
The man was surprised to hear that. When he investigated his goods
he found that he owed part of the agricultural land to his cousins,
which he had not returned. On careful calculation he found that
the land was equivalent to four hundred dirhams. Thus, he deducted
that from his goods and took the remaining portion to 'Uthman
b. Sa'id. This time it was accepted from him.[43]
After all these reports about 'Uthman b. Sa'id's
honesty and trustworthiness, the respect with which he was held
by the tenth and eleventh Imams, and the consensus among the Shi'a
about his moral probity and sound character, is it fair to assume
that he was a manipulative individual, intent upon deceiving the
generality of the Shi'is?
Muhammad
b. 'Uthman, the Second Deputy
Muhammad b. 'Uthman succeeded his father, 'Uthman
b. Sa'id, as the deputy after the latter's death in 260 AH/874
CE. Shaykh Tusi, commenting on both these deputies of the Hidden
Imam (peace be upon him), writes that "they enjoyed the highest
esteem in the eyes of the Master of the Age."[44]
According to Mamqani, the high status of Muhammad
b. 'Uthman among the Shi'is is self-evident. They are in agreement
that during the lifetime of his father he was the deputy of Imam
Hasan 'Askari, and later on he became the deputy of the twelfth
Imam. In fact, 'Uthman b. Sa'id explicitly appointed Muhammad
b. 'Uthman as his successor and the deputy of the Hidden Imam.[45]
Ya'qub b. Ishaq, a prominent follower of the
Imams in Samarra, relates:
I wrote a letter to the Imam of the Age through
Muhammad b. 'Uthman in which I asked some questions about religious
problems. The reply came in the Imam's own handwriting. In addition
to the responses to my inquiries it included the statement: "Muhammad
b. 'Uthman is the trusted one. His letters are my letters."
[46]
His Miraculous Acts
Muhammad b. Shadhan, a close companion of Imam
Hasan 'Askari, relates that he had four hundred and eighty dirhams
that belonged to the Imam (peace be upon him). Since he did not
like to send without rounding the figure to five hundred, he added
twenty dirhams from his money and sent it to Muhammad b. 'Uthman,
without writing to him that he had added that amount. A receipt
came from the Imam in which it was written: "We received
five hundred dirhams, which included twenty dirhams from you."[47]
A similar story is reported by Ja'far b. Ahmad
b. Matil. Muhammad b. 'Uthman sent a message calling him to visit.
When Ja'far came Muhammad b. 'Uthman gave him some pieces of cloth
and a bag of dirhams, and asked him to go to Wasit. There he asked
him to hand the bag and cloth to the first person he would meet.
When Ja'far reached Wasit the first person he met was Hasan b.
Muhammad b. Qatah. He introduced himself to Hasan who recognized
him and they embraced each other. He related to him Muhammad b.
'Uthman's greetings and handed over to him the goods he had brought.
When Hasan heard this he thanked God and said: "Muhammad
b. 'Abd Allah 'Amiri has died. I left the house to get a shroud
for him." Upon opening the goods that were sent by Muhammad
b. 'Uthman they found everything they needed to prepare for 'Amiri's
burial. Even the money was exactly the amount that was needed
to cover the expenses related to the funeral. Hence, they went
ahead and buried 'Amiri.[48]
According to another eminent follower of the
Imams, namely, Muhammad b. 'Ali b. al-Aswad Qummi, Muhammad b.
'Uthman had prepared his burial place while still alive. He asked
him for the reason. In response Muhammad b. 'Uthman said: "I
have been ordered by the Imam to take care of my affairs in advance."
Two months following this event Muhammad b. 'Uthman died.[49]
Muhammad b. 'Uthman remained the Hidden Imam's
deputy for almost fifty years and died in the year 304 AH/916
CE.
Husayn
b. Ruh, the Third Deputy
The third deputy of the Imam of the Age (peace
be upon him), was the most learned and astute leader of his time.
Muhammad b. 'Uthman had himself designated him as his successor
and deputy of the Imam.
'Allama Majlisi, in his Bihar al-anwar,
writes:
When Muhammad b. 'Uthman became seriously ill,
a group of prominent Shi'is like Abu 'Ali b. Humam, Abu 'Abd Allah
b. Muhammad Katib, Abu 'Abd Allah Baqtani, Abu Sahl Nawbakhti,
and Abu 'Abd Allah b. Wajna' came to see him. They asked him about
his successor. In reply he said: "Husayn b. Ruh is my successor
and the trusted deputy of the Master of the Age. Refer to him
in your affairs. I have been commanded by the Imam to designate
Husayn b. Ruh in the position of deputyship."[50]
Ja'far b. Muhammad Mada'ini relates that he
used to carry the goods that belonged to the Imam to Muhammad
b. 'Uthman. One day he took four hundred dinars to him. Muhammad
b. 'Uthman asked him to deposit it with Husayn b. Ruh and so Ja'far
asked him the reason he did not accept it himself. Muhammad b.
'Uthman said: "Take it to Husayn b. Ruh. You should know
that I have appointed him as my successor." Ja'far went on
to ask if he had done so under instructions from the Imam. He
replied: "Yes." Hence, Ja'far took the money to Husyan
b. Ruh and from this time on he deposited the Imam's share with
the latter.[51]
Among the companions and close associates of
Muhammad b. 'Uthman there were a number of people, such as Ja'far
b. Ahmad b. Matil, who held much higher position in merits than
Husyan b. Ruh. In fact, many thought that the deputyship would
be given to Ja'far Matil. However, contrary to the generally held
expectation, it was Husayn b. Ruh who became the next deputy.
Everyone at that point submitted to Muhammad b. 'Uthman's decision,
including Ja'far Matil.[52] Abu Sahl Nawbakhti
was asked about this decision:
"How did Husayn b. Ruh get appointed to
the position of deputyship, when you were more qualified to assume
it?" In response he said: "The Imam knows better about
the person who can represent him. I am always in debate with our
opponents. If I were the deputy, maybe at the time of heated debate,
in order to prove my point, I would have revealed the Imam's whereabouts.
But Husayn b. Ruh is not like me. If he had the Imam hidden under
his garments, and if he were being cut to pieces, he would not
expose him to anyone." [53]
Shaykh Saduq relates the circumstances that
led his father to write a letter to the Imam and ask him to pray
for a son for him. According to this report, it was Muhammad b.
'Ali Aswad who related that Shaykh Saduq's father, 'Ali b. Husyan
b. Babawayh, sent a message through him to Husyan b. Ruh to ask
the Imam to pray for a son for him. That message was delivered
to Husayn b. Ruh. After three days he informed Muhammad Aswad
that the Imam had prayed for him and that in the near future God
would favor him with a son. That very year Muhammad, that is Shaykh
Saduq, was born. After that several other sons were born. But
it was Shaykh Saduq who used to pride himself on having been born
through the special prayer of the Imam. In fact, whenever Muhammad
Aswad saw Shaykh Saduq in the learning sessions with prominent
teachers, studying extremely well, he would say: "It is not
surprising to see you studying so well. After all you were born
through the prayer of the Imam of the Age!"[54]
There was a man who had doubts about the deputyship
of Husayn b. Ruh. For clarification of his doubt he wrote a letter
to the Imam with a dry pen without ink. After a few days he received
a reply from the Hidden Imam (peace be upon him) through Husayn
b. Ruh.
Husayn b. Ruh died in the month of Sha'ban,
in the year 326 AH/937 CE.[55]
'Ali
b. Muhammad Samarri, the Fourth Deputy
He was the fourth deputy of the Hidden Imam
(peace be upon him). His full name was Abu al-Hasan 'Ali b. Muhammad
Samarri. According to Ibn Tawus, he had served under the Imam
Hadi and Imam Hasan 'Askari. These two Imams were, moreover, in
correspondence with him and had written a number of signed notes
for him. He was undoubtedly among the most eminent faces of the
Shi'a in Baghdad.[56] Husayn b. Ruh, as reported
by Ahmad b. Muhammad Safwani, had appointed 'Ali b. Muhammad Samarri
in his place so that he could manage his affairs. When his death
approached, a number of Shi'is came to see him and asked him about
his successor. His response was that he had not been asked to
appoint anyone to that position. [57]
It is related by Ahmad b. Ibrahim Mukhallad
that one day 'Ali b. Muhammad Samarri, without any indication,
said: "May God have mercy on 'Ali b. Muhammad b. Babawayh
Qummi!" Those present at that time made note of the date
of this pronouncement. Later the news came that 'Ali b. Babawayh
had died on the same day. He himself died in the year 329 AH/941
CE.[58]
Hasan b. Ahmad relates that he was with 'Ali
b. Muhammad Samarri some days before he died. A letter came from
the Imam which he read for the people. The contents were as follows:
In the name of God. O 'Ali b. Muhammad Samarri,
may God reward your brethren in your death, which is going to
take place in six days' time. So take care of your affairs and
do not appoint anyone in your place, since the complete occultation
has taken place. I will not appear until God permits me to do
so (may His name be exalted) and that will be after a long time
and after the hearts become hard and the earth is filled with
wickedness. In the near future there will be those among my followers
who will claim to have seen me. Beware, those who claim this before
the rise of Sufyani and the [hearing of the] voice from the sky
are liars.[59]
This was the end of the Short Occultation and
the beginning of the Complete Occultation. The deputyship of these
four prominent members of the Shi'a community is famous among
the believers. There were also some individuals who made false
claims about being deputized by the Hidden Imam (peace be upon
him). Since they could not prove their claim their falsehood became
manifest and they were discredited in the community. Among this
latter group were Hasan Shari'ati, Muhammad b. Nusayr Numayri,
Ahmad b. Hilal Karakhi, Muhammad b. 'Ali b. Bilal, Muhammad b.
'Ali Shalmaghani, and Abu Bakr Baghdadi.
This was, in brief, the account of the special
deputies. From all the sources that speak about them it is reasonable
to assert that their claim to be the deputy of the Hidden Imam
was defensible. There is no rational ground to doubt that they
truly held that kind of highly esteemed position in the Shi'a
community in the ninth-tenth century.
*******
Dr. Fahimi:
I had many more questions in this connection. However, I shall
postpone asking them now, since it is getting quite late. Let
us raise these questions when we meet next time.
Notes:
- Ithbat al-wasiyya,
pp. 186-89.
- Ibid., p. 185.
- Ibn Shahr Ashub, Manaqib,
Vol. 4, p. 397; Ithbat al-wasiyya, p. 194.
- Ibn al-Qifti, Ta'rikh
al-hukama', pp. 413-417
- Bihar al-anwar,
Vol. 51, p. 38.
- Ilzam al-nasib
(1351 AH edition), p. 81.
- Ibid.
- Ithbat al-hudat,
Vol. 6, p. 386.
- Ibid., p. 393.
- Ibid., p. 350.
- Maqatil al-talibiyyin,
p. 165.
- Kamal al-din,
Vol. 1, pp. 112-115.
- I'lam al-wara
(Tehran edition, 1378 AH), p. 416.
- Rijal Najashi,
Vol. 2, p. 77; Rijal Tusi, p. 357; Fihrist Tusi,
p. 92.
- Rijal Najashi,
Vol. 2, p. 79.
- Rijal Najashi,
Vol. 2, p. 86; Fihrist Tusi, p. 3.
- Rijal Najashi,
Vol. 2, p. 132; Fihrist Tusi, p. 50.
- Rijal Najashi,
Vol. 2, p. 119; Rijal Tusi, p. 384; Fihrist Tusi,
p. 147.
- Rijal Najashi,
Vol. 2, p. 119; Rijal Tusi, p. 384; Fihrist Tusi,
p. 147.
- Rijal Najashi,
Vol. 2, p. 167; Rijal Tusi, p. 420 and 434; Fihrist
Tusi, p. 150.
- ghaybat sughra
('minor' or 'small' occultation, and ghaybat kubra ('major'
or 'long' occultation) are now the accepted description of the
two forms of occultation of the Mahdi (peace be upon him). The
'short' (qasira) and 'complete' (tamma) occultation
are the description of the two forms that were common among the
early Shi'i scholars during the first part of the 'long' occultation.
Tr.
- Ithbat al-hudat,
Vol. 7, p. 69; Bihar al-anwar, Vol. 52, p. 155.
- Bihar al-anwar,
Vol. 52, p. 153. There are eight more traditions on this subject.
- Bihar al-anwar,
Vol. 51, p. 33.
- Bihar al-anwar,
Vol. 51, p. 349.
- Bihar al-anwar,
Vol. 53, p. 178.
- Anwar al-nu'maniyya (Tabriz
edition), Vol. 2, p. 24.
- Bihar al-anwar,
Vol. 51, p. 346.
- Bihar al-anwar,
Vol. 51, p. 352.
- Bihar al-anwar,
Vol. 51, p. 306.
- Ibid., Vol. 51, p. 350.
- Kitab al-ghayba,
p. 91.
- Ithbat al-hudat,
Vol. 7, p. 360.
- Rijal Bu 'Ali,
p. 302.
- Rijal Mamqani
(Najaf edition, 1352 AH), Vol. 1, p. 200; Ithbat al-hudat,
Vol. 7, p. 294.
- Rijal Bu 'Ali,
p. 200; Rijal Mamqani, Vol. 2, p. 245.
- Minhaj al-maqal
(Tehran edition, 1307 AH), p. 219.
- Bihar al-anwar,
Vol. 51, p. 348.
- Bihar al-anwar,
Vol. 51, p. 346.
- Bihar al-anwar,
Vol. 51, p. 346.
- Bihar al-anwar,
Vol. 51, p. 316.
- Ibid., p. 335.
- Ibid., p. 335.
- Manhaj al-maqal,
p. 305; Rijal Mamqani, Vol. 3, p. 149.
- Rijal Mamqani,
Vol. 3, p. 149 and Vol. 1, p. 200.
- Bihar al-anwar,
Vol. 51, p. 325.
- Ibid., p. 325.
- Ibid., p. 337.
- Ibid., p. 352.
- Ibid., p. 355.
- Ibid., p. 352.
- Ibid., p. 353.
- Ibid., p. 359.
- Kamal al-din,
Vol. 2, p. 502-503.
- Ithbat al-hudat,
Vol. 7, p. 340.
- Rijal Mamqani,
Vol. 2, p. 304.
- Bihar al-anwar,
Vol. 51, p. 360.
- Bihar al-anwar,
Vol. 51, p. 360.
- Ibid., p. 361.
