In a small village in the south of Tunisia, during a wedding ceremony, an
old lady sat in the middle of a group of ladies listening to them talking
about a married couple. The lady expressed her astonishment about what she
heard, and when she was asked why, she said that she had breast-fed both
when they were babies. The ladies spread the news quickly among their
husbands who investigated the matter. The woman's father testified that
the old lady had actually breast-fed his daughter, and the man's father
also testified that his son was breast-fed by the same old lady.
Inevitably the two tribes were agitated by the news and started fighting
each other, and each tribe accused the other of being the cause of this
tragedy which would bring the wrath of Allah on them. What made it worse
was the fact that that marriage had taken place ten years earlier and had
produced three children. As soon as the woman heard the news she fled to
her father's house and refused to eat or drink anything, and she attempted
suicide for she could not bear the shock of being married to her brother
and giving birth to three children without knowing the real situation.
As a result of the clashes between the two tribes, many people were
injured until one particular Shaykh intervened and stopped the fighting
and advised them to consult the learned scholars and ask them for their
opinion in the matter and hopefully they could reach a solution.
The people concerned embarked on their journey around the big town asking
the learned people for a solution to their problems. However every time
they explained the case to a learned scholar and asked him for advice, he
told them that the marriage was void and the couple should be separated
for as long as they lived, in addition to freeing a slave or fasting for
two months and various other legal opinions.
Eventually they arrived at Gafsa and asked the learned people there but
the answer was the same, because all the Malikis prohibit the marriage
between a couple if they were fed even one drop of milk from the same
woman. They do so by following Imam Malik who treated milk and alcohol on
the same level and said, "When a great quantity of whatever makes you
drunk is prohibited, then a small amount of it must also be prohibited."
Thus, marriage between a couple who were breast-fed with one drop of milk
from the same woman must be prohibited. One of the men who was present at
the hearing told them privately to come and see me, and he said to them,
"Ask al-Tijani on these matters for he knows all the Madhhabs, and on many
occasions I had seen him arguing with these learned scholars and beating
them with his logical reasoning."
That is what the husband of that woman told me when I took him to my
library where he told me the whole case in detail, and said to me, "Sir,
my wife wants to commit suicide and our boys are neglected and we do not
know how we can solve this problem, and people led us to you hoping that
you might have an answer to our problem, especially since I see all these
books in your possession, which I have never seen before in my life".
I brought him some coffee and thought about the case for a little while
then I asked him about the number of times that he was breast-fed from
that old woman. He said, "I do not know, but my wife was breast-fed by her
twice or three times and her father testified that he took his daughter
two or three times to that old woman."
I said if that is right, then there is no problem and your marriage is
legal and valid." The poor man fell on me kissing my hands and head,
saying, ' May Allah bring you good news for you opened the gates of peace
to me." Before even finishing his coffee or asking me for any reference,
he asked permission to leave my house and hurriedly went out to tell his
wife and children and the rest of his family about the good news.
But the day after he came back with seven men and introduced them to me
saying, "This is my father, this is my father-in-law, the third is the
mayor of the village, the fourth is the Imam of the Friday prayers, the
fifth is the religious adviser, the sixth is the chief of the tribe and
the seventh is the headmaster of the school, and all of them came to
investigate the case of the breast-feeding and how you considered the
marriage to be valid."
I took the whole party to the library, and greeted them and offered them
coffee for I expected a lengthy debate with them.
They said, "We came to discuss with you how you legalized a marriage in
which the couple were breast-fed from the same woman. Such a marriage has
been forbidden by Allah in the Qur'an and by His Messenger who said that
it [marriage] is forbidden between a couple who have been breast-fed (by
the same woman) in the same way as it is forbidden between a couple who
are related (brother and sister). Imam Malik has forbidden it too."
I said, "Gentlemen, you are eight and I am one, and if I speak to all of
you, I will not be able to convince you and the discussion might well lose
its aim. I suggest you choose one man from among you to discuss the matter
with me, and you will act as an arbitrator between us."
They liked the idea and chose the religious advisor as their
representative because they thought he was more knowledgeable and more
able than anybody else. The man started his deliberation by asking me how
I allowed something that had been forbidden by Allah, His Messenger and by
all the Imams.
I said, "God forbid! I never did such thing. But Allah forbade the
marriage [in case of common breast-feeding] by stating it briefly in a
Qur'anic verse and did not specify the details, rather, He left it to His
Messenger to explain how and how much."
He said, "Imam Malik forbids the marriage when one drop of milk has been
taken through breast-feeding."
I said, "I know that. But Imam Malik is not an absolute authority over all
Muslims, and what do you say about the opinions of other Imams?"
He said, "May Allah he pleased with them, they all followed the steps of
the Messenger of Allah."
I said, "What is then your reasoning before Allah about following Imam
Malik who contradicted a text by the Messenger of Allah (saw)?"
He looked bemused and said, "Praise be to Allah! I did not know that Imam
Malik could contradict the Prophetic texts.
The rest of the men looked even more puzzled and were amazed at my daring
criticism of Imam Malik, which they had never heard before. I continued by
asking, "Was Imam Malik one of the Companions?"
He replied, "No." I asked, "Was he one of the Followers?" He replied, "No,
but he followed the earlier Followers." I asked, "Who is nearer, him or
Imam Ali ibn Abi Talib?" He replied, "Imam Ali ibn Abi Talib was one of
the rightly guided caliphs." One of the men added, "Our master Ali (a.s.)
is the gate to the city of knowledge." I said, "Why did you leave the gate
to the city of knowledge and follow a man who was neither a Companion nor
a Follower, and he was born after the civil war and after the city of the
Messenger of Allah had been sacked by Yazid's forces who killed the best
of the Companions and violated all aspects of human morality and changed
the Messenger's tradition to some heretical doctrines of their own make.
How could then for any man have confidence in these Imams who pleased the
authorities because they preached in accordance to their policies?"
Another man started talking saying, "We heard that you are a Shii, and
that you worship Imam Ali." His friend who sat next to him kicked him and
said, "Be quiet, are you not ashamed of yourself saying that to such a
learned man ? I have known many learned scholars in my life, but I have
never known any of them to possess a library like this one. Furthermore,
this man's argument is based on knowledge and he sounds sure about what he
is saying." I answered, "Yes, that is right, I am a Shii, but the Shiis do not worship
Ali, but instead of following Imam Malik, they follow Imam Ali because he
is the gate to the city of knowledge, as you yourselves said.
The religious adviser asked, "Did Imam Ali permit the marriage between
couples who have been breast-fed by the same woman?"
I answered, "No, he forbids it if the babies were breast-fed fifteen full
and consecutive times by the same woman, or what could produce flesh and
bone."
The woman's father was very pleased to hear what I had said, and his face
lit then he said, "Praise be to Allah! My daughter was breast-fed on two
or three occasions by that old woman. The saying of Imam Ali is a solution
to our predicament and a mercy on us from Allah after we had lost hope."
The religious adviser said, "Give us the authentic reference to the
saying [of Imam Ali] so that we may feel satisfied. I gave them "Minhaj
al-Salihin" by al-Sayyid al-Khu'i, and he read aloud the chapter
concerning breast-feeding and what it entails.
The men were very pleased, especially the husband, who was afraid that I
might not have the reference. They asked me to lend them the book so they
could take it to their village and use it as a reference for their
reasoning. I lent them the book, then they left me full of praises and
apologies.
As soon as they left my house they met a sinister man who took them to
some wicked religious leaders and they for their part frightened them and
warned them that I was an "Israeli agent" and that the book "Minhaj
al-Salihin" was all lies, that the people of Iraq were blasphemous and
hypocrites, that the Shiis were "Majus" who permitted the marriage between
brothers and sisters and that was why I allowed that man to continue with
his marriage to his "sister" - having been breast-fed by the same woman.
In the end they persuaded the men to change their minds and forced the
husband to take legal action with regard to his divorce in Gafsa's
Magistrate court. The judge asked them to go to the Capital Tunis and
approach the Mufti of the Republic, for he might have a solution to the
problem. The husband left for the Capital and waited there for a whole
month until he was able to have an interview with him.
During the interview the husband explained the case in detail then the
Mufti asked him about the religious scholars who accepted the marriage as
being correct and legal. He told him that none of them thought so except
one called al-Tijani al-Samawi. Al-Mufti took a note of my name and said
to the husband, "Go back to your village and I shall write to the judge in
Gafsa."
Shortly after that a letter from the Mufti of the Republic arrived, and
the husband's lawyer read it and found that the Mufti ruled that the
marriage was void.
The husband who looked very tired and exhausted, was informed by his
lawyer about the content of the letter. He later came to see me and
apologized for all the inconveniences that he had caused me.
I thanked him for his feelings towards me, but expressed my surprise
regarding the Mufti's rule to consider the marriage in this case as void.
I also asked him to bring the Mufti's letter to the Magistrate court in
Gafsa so that I could publish it in the Tunisian press and show that the
Republic's Mufti did not really know much about the four Islamic Madhhabs
and did not understand the jurisdical difference between them regarding
the issue of brotherhood by breast-feeding.
However, the husband told me that he could not see the file on his case,
and therefore was unable to bring me the letter, then he departed.
A few days later I received an invitation from the judge asking me to
bring the book and other proofs that allow the marriage between two people
who have been breast-fed by the same woman. I chose a number of references
and prepared the chapters regarding brotherhood by breast-feeding, so that
I could produce the evidence quickly.
I went to the court at the agreed time and I was received by the clerk who
took me to the judge's office, and I was surprised to see the District
Magistrate and the Republic's Attorney as well as three other judges. I
noticed that the judges were wearing their official regalia, as if they
were sitting to pass judgement, I also noticed that the husband was
sitting at the end of the court room, facing the judges.
I greeted everyone, but they looked at me with disdain, and when I sat the
chief judge asked mew "Are you al-Tijani al-Samawi?" I answered, Yes He
asked, "Are you the one who passed a judgement in which you legalized the
marriage in this case?"
I answered, "No I did not pass a judgement, rather, the Imams and the
religious scholars of Islam passed that judgement by accepting the
marriage as being correct and legal."
He said, "That is why we summoned you, and you are now in the dock. If you
cannot support your claim with the appropriate proof, then we will have to
send you to prison, and you will never come out of here a free man."
I knew then that I was actually in the dock, not because I had passed a
judgement on that particular case, but because some of those sinister
religious leaders had told the judges that I was a troublemaker and that I
cursed the Companions and campaigned for the support of Ahl al-Bayt. The
chief judge asked them to bring two witnesses against me then he would
have the authority to throw me in prison.
In addition to that, the Muslim Brotherhood took advantage of my judgement
in this case and spread rumours that I had legalized the marriages between
brothers and sisters. and that is, as they claimed, what the Shiis
believe!
I became absolutely sure about that when the chief judge threatened to
throw me in prison, so I was left with nothing but to challenge him and to
defend myself with all my courage, and I said to the chief judge, "Can I
speak frankly and without any fear?"
He replied, "Yes you can do that, for you have no lawyer."
I said, "First of all, I would like to say that I have not appointed
myself to pass judgement [Fatwa] but this is the woman's husband before
you, so ask him. He came to my house and asked me, and it was my duty to
provide him with whatever information I had. I asked him how many times
his wife had been breast-fed by that old lady, and when he said that it
was only on two occasions, I gave him the answer according to Islamic law.
I was not trying to interpret Islam, nor indeed was I trying to
legislate."
The chief judge said, "What a surprise! Now you claim that you know Islam
and that we do not know it!"
I replied, "God forbid! I did not mean that. But everyone here knows the
Maliki Madhhab stops here. What I did was to search in the other Islamic
Madhahibs and find a solution to this case."
The chief judge asked, "Where did you find the solution?"
I said, "Sir, may I ask you a question before I answer?"
He replied. "Ask what you like."
I asked, "What do you say about the Islamic Madhahib?"
He replied, "They are all correct for they all follow the teachings of the
Messenger of Allah, and there is mercy in their differing."
I said, "Well, have mercy on this poor man [pointing to the woman's
husband] who has been away from his wife and children for the past two
months, when one of the Islamic Madhahib has a solution for his problem."
The chief judge reacted angrily, "Give us your proof and
stop all this nonsense. We allowed you to defend yourself
now you have become a lawyer defending others."
I took from my briefcase a book entitled "Minhaj al-Salihin" by al-
Sayyid al-Khu'i, and said, "This is the Madhhab of Ahl al-Bayt, and in it
there is the absolute proof."
He interjected by saying, "Forget about the Madhhab of Ahl al-Bayt, we do
not know it, and we do not believe in it." I was expecting such an answer,
so I had brought with me, after having done some research, a number of
references from the Sunni Traditionists and al-Jamaah, and I arranged them
according to my knowledge. I put Sahih al-Bukhari in the first line, then
Sahih Muslim then "al-Fatawa" by Mahmoud Shaltoot then "Bidayat
al-Mujtahid wa Nihayat al-Muqtasid" by Ibn Rushd then "Zad al-Maseer fi
Ilm al-Tafseer" by Ibn al-Jawzi and many other Sunni references.
When the chief judge refused to look at al-Sayyid al-Khu'i's book, I
asked him which books he trusted.
He said, "Al-Bukhari and Muslim."
I took Sahih al-Bukhari and opened it at the specific page, then said,
"Here you are Sir, read it."
He said, "You read it."
I read, "So and so told us that Aishah, the mother of the believers, said
that the Messenger of Allah (saw) in his lifetime only prohibited the
marriage, if the couple were breast-fed on five occasions or more by the
same woman."
The chief judge took the book from me and read it himself then gave it to
the Attorney General, and he too read the Hadith then he passed the book
to the other judges. In the meantime I showed the chief judge Sahih
al-Bukhari, pointing out to him the same Hadith, then I opened "al-Fatawa"
by al-Azhar's Shaykh Shaltoot who mentioned the differences between the
Imams about "breast-feeding" issue, some of them prohibited the marriage
if the breast-feeding was on fifteen occasions, others said seven or even
five except Malik who contradicted the text and prohibited the marriage if
there had been one drop of milk taken by the couple from the same woman.
Shaltoot added, "I tend to favour the middle solution and say seven or
more."
After having looked at the references, the chief judge turned to the
woman's husband and said to him, "Go now and bring your father-in-law to
testify that your wife was breast-fed twice or three times by the old
woman, then you can take your wife with you today."
The poor man was delighted. The Attorney General and the other judges
excused themselves and left the court, and when I was alone with the chief
judge he apologized to me and said, "Forgive me for the wrong information
I have been given about you, now I know that they are biased and envious
people who wish to harm you."
I was very glad to hear about that quick change of heart and said, "O,
Sir, Praise be to Allah Who made me victorious through you."
He said, "I heard that you have a great library, and have you got "Hayat
al-Haywan al-Kubra" by al-Damiri?"
I said, "Yes."
He asked, "Could you lend me the book, for I have been looking for it for
the past two years?" I said, "It is yours Sir, whenever you want it."
He said, "Have you got time to come to my library sometimes, so we could
discuss various issues, and hopefully I may benefit from you."
I said, "God forbid! I will benefit from you. You are more senior to me,
both in age and in position. However, I have four days off-duty during the
week, and I am at your service then."
We agreed to meet every Saturday, for he did not have court hearings on
that day. After he asked me to leave with him the Sahihs of al-Bukhari and
Muslim and "al-Fatawa" by Mahmud Shaltoot to copy the relevant texts from
them, he stood up and saw me out of his office.
I came out full of joy and thanking Allah, praise be to Him for that moral
victory. I entered the court full of fear and threatened with
imprisonment, but came out with the chief judge becoming a good friend of
mine and asking me to meet him for discussion so that he could benefit
from me. It is the grace of Ahl al-Bayt's way. It does not let down those
people who keep to it, and it is a safe refuge for whoever comes to it.
The woman's husband talked about what happened to the people of his
village, and the news spread to the neighbouring villages when the wife
returned to her husband's house, and the case ended with the marriage
being legal. The people started saying that I was more knowledge able than
anybody even the Republic's Mufti.
The husband came to my house with a big car and invited me and my family
to his village and told me that the people there were waiting for me and
they would slaughter three calves to celebrate the occasion. I apologized
to him for mot being able to accept his invitation because I was busy in
Gafsah and told him that I would visit them some other time if Allah
wished.
The chief judge also talked to his friends and the case became famous.
Thus, Allah prevailed on the cunning of those wicked people, some of them
came to apologize, others were enlightened by Allah and became one of the
faithful This is truly the grace of Allah. He gives it to whoever He
likes. Allah is the Most Gracious.
Our last word is to say: Thanks be to Allah, Lord Of Creation, and may
Allah bless our master Muhammad and his purified Household.