Monotheism According to the School of Ahlul-Bait
Imam Ali (a.s.) in Nahjul-Balagha says:
"The foremost in religion is the knowing
of Him, the perfection of knowing Him is to believe
in His Oneness, and the perfection of believing in
His Oneness is to be sincere to Him."(46)
Belief in Allah, the One, and the Only, to Whom
all the attributes of perfectness are ascribed and Who is
above all the attributes of imperfection, is the main
origin and base of the Islamic faith, thought,
legislation and conduct...etc.
Therefore, the Imams of Ahlul-Bait
(a.s.) gave more importance to form a pure concept of
monotheism free from doubts, perversions, and disbelief
of pre-Islamic ignorance and the remnants of pagan
thought and strived hard towards correcting such thought
by explaining the true meanings and faith of monotheism
as proved by the Qur'an.
For more details, we cite some narrations of Ahlul-Bait
(ass.) concerning the true meanings of monotheism and its
concepts.
Imam Musa bin Ja'far (a.s.) wrote to one of his
companions and said:
"Verily, Allah is High, and Mighty
(Sublime) and Great and far above that the reality of
His attributes should be comprehensible. Assign to
Him only those attributes that He ha s assigned to
Himself and refrain from qualifying Allah with
anything besides those attributes."(47)
Regarding the Almighty's integrity and the
purity of Islamic thought from polytheism and paganism,
the Ahlul-Bait (a.s.) narrated:
"Whoever likens Allah with His creatures
is a polytheist; surely Allah is the Almighty and
High. Nothing resembles Him and nothing is like Him,
and He is totally the reverse of whatever is
imagined."(48)
One of the companions of Imam Ja'far bin
Muhammad al-Sadiq (a.s.) asked him about the correct sect
in monotheism, He (a.s.) said:
"You - may Allah be merciful to you -
asked me about monotheism and what that group of
people believe in. Exalted is Allah, the like of whom
there is naught, and He is All-Hearing and
All-Seeing: Allah is above what is attributed to Him
by those describers who liken Allah to His creatures,
those who are slanderous to Allah. Know you - may
Allah be merciful to you that in respect to
monotheism, the true doctrine is what is revealed in
the Qur'an about the attributes of Allah, the
Almighty, the Exalted. Attributed not to Allah, the
Sublime, any ideas of nihilism and similitude.
Neither should His existence be negated nor should He
be likened (to anything). He is Allah, the
Established the Existent. Exalted is He far above
what the false interpreters attribute to Him. Exceed
not the Qur'an or you will go astray after the clear
exposition of truth."(49)
Thus, the Imams of Ahlul-Bait (a.s.)
explain that the true monotheism is the one called upon
by the Qur'an which unified Allah in His Self, His
attributes, His deeds and His worships.
Divine Justice
"Allah (Himself) is witness that the re is no
god save Him, and (so do) the angels and the men of
learning, maintaining His creation injustice. There
is no god save Him, the Almighty, the Wise."
Holy Qur'an (3:17)
Justice is one of the attributes of Allah, the
Exalted and its effects are discerned in all of His acts.
Its manifestation can be seen in the world of
creation and in the divine legislation and law, as well.
It (Divine Justice) can be seen in the
obligations which He assigns upon His servants as can be
seen in the Judgement and Punishment Day, and the
compensation of the sufferings resulting from them
without punishment nor revenge. Thus, the Qur'an talks
about Allah, the Almighty's Justice, and man's
responsibility of his deeds and, also, refuses the idea
of fatalism. The Almighty says:
"Allah enjoins justice and
kindness."
Holy Qur'an (16:90)
"...and your Lord wrongs no one."
Holy Qur'an (18:49)
"...for it (is only) that which it has
earned, and against it (only) that which it has
deserved."
Holy Qur'an (2:286)
"And whoever does good an atom's weight
will see it the n. And whoever does ill an atom's
weight will see it then."
Holy Qur'an (99:7-8)
"We have shown him the way whe ther he
be grateful or disbelieving."
Holy Qur'an (76:3)
"And pointed out to him the two
conspicuous ways."
Holy Qur'an (90:10)
"Corruption has appeared in the land
and the sea on account of that which men's hands ban
wrought,..."
Holy Qur'an (41:30)
Different opinions, among the Muslims, appeared
in explaining man's acts and their relation with Allah,
the Almighty. Even some Islamic schools believe that man
has no free will and no option of his own, and all his
behaviour and actions are predetermined by Allah, the
Almighty. Therefore, he is forced to do what he does and
is not free in his acts.
Others say that man has full choice to do
whatever he wills, as his will is separate from Allah's
will, and that man does whatever he wills and Allah is
actually incapable of stopping man from doing what he
wills.
But, the Imams of Ahlul-Bait refute both
of these beliefs and say: Neither Fatalism nor
Self-Determination because, man, if he was forced to do
what he does, he would not deserve punishment and reward
and if man has full choice to do whatever he wills, Allah
will not have power over all things.
Thus, the following three opinions appeared to
explain man's actions:
1. Fatalism
2. Self-Determination or Free will
3. Neither Fatalism nor Self-Dertermination
Muhammad bin Ajlan, one of those who lived during the
period of Imam al-Sadiq (a.s.) narrated the explanation
of the Imam (a.s.) regarding man's actions: He said: I
asked him (the Imam):
"Did Allah leave His creatures to their
affairs? He said: 'Allah is more generous than to
leave their affairs to them,' I asked: 'Then did He
impose on them their actions? He replied: 'Allah is
more just than to compel a servant to do something,
then torture him for that. "'(50)
So, man is responsible for his own deeds, and
therefore, deserves punishment and reward because man not
only owns free will and option, but, also, Allah grants
him kindness and help for guidance and salvation from
error and misguidance if one chooses the path of
guidance. According to the Qur'an's declaration, man is
free to choose one of the ways:
"And pointed out to him the two
conspicuous ways." "We have shown him the
way whether he be grateful or disbelieving."